The International Military Tribunal
Even before the Second World War was over, the Allies resolved to put the major officials responsible for Nazi war crimes on trial. In the Moscow Declaration of 1 November 1943, they undertook to extradite Germans who had perpetrated these crimes in the occupied territories to the affected countries after the war, in order to prosecute them in accordance with the laws applicable at the site of their crimes. The Allies resolved to prosecute the major war criminals, whose crimes were not limited to the territory of a single state, on the basis of uniform legal standards.
Following Germany's unconditional surrender, the victorious powers – the U.S., USSR, Great Britain, and France – agreed in London on 8 August 1945, to establish an International Military Tribunal (IMT). For the first time in history, an international tribunal was authorised to hold leading representatives of a state personally accountable for crimes under international law. Berlin was declared as the permanent seat of the tribunal, and the trial against the "major war criminals" would be held in Nuremberg.
The Subsequent Nuremberg Trials
The legal prosecution of Nazi crimes in Germany did not end with the announcement of the verdicts in the Major War Criminals Trial. In December 1945, the Allies had already established, by way of Control Council Law No. 10, a uniform legal basis for the prosecution of war crimes in the respective occupation zones, which also formed the basis for the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials (1946–1949).
Unlike the Major War Criminals Trial, which was conducted before an international military tribunal, these trials were conducted exclusively before U.S. military tribunals. These 12 trials were held between 1946 and 1949 in Nuremberg against 177 high-ranking physicians, judges, industrialists, SS commanders and police commanders, military personnel, civil servants, and diplomats. The trials revealed the extent to which the German leadership class supported the power system of the Nazi dictatorship.
Of the 177 defendants, 24 were sentenced to death, 20 to lifelong imprisonment, and 98 to long prison terms in many cases. Twenty five defendants were found not guilty. Many of the condemned Nazi criminals were released from prison early in the 1950s as a result of pardons. Thirteen of the 24 death sentences were executed:
- Doctors' Trial
- Milch Trial
- Judges' Trial
- Pohl Trial
- Flick Trial
- IG-Farben Trial
- Hostages Trial
- RuSHA Trial
- Einsatzgruppen Trial
- Krupp Trial
- Wilhelmstrasse Trial
- High Command Trial
Source: Memorium Nuremberg Trials